{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/iiifapi/101350000/manifest.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","label":[{"@value":"e国宝 - 鬼瓦","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"e-Museum - Ridge-end tile depicting a demon’s face in relief","@language":"en"},{"@value":"e国宝 - 兽面瓦","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"e국보 - 도깨비 얼굴무늬 기와","@language":"ko"}],"metadata":[{"label":[{"@value":"指定区分","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Designation","@language":"en"},{"@value":"指定等级","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"문화재 지정 구분","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"重要文化財","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Important Cultural Property","@language":"en"},{"@value":"重要文化财","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"중요문화재","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"分野","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Category","@language":"en"},{"@value":"类别","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"분야","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"考古","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Archaeology","@language":"en"},{"@value":"考古","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"고고","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"名称よみ","@language":"ja"}],"value":[{"@value":"おにがわら","@language":"ja"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"指定名称","@language":"ja"}],"value":[{"@value":"鬼瓦","@language":"ja"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"出土地","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Excavation","@language":"en"},{"@value":"出土地","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"출토지","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"福岡県太宰府市都府楼跡","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"From the Dazaifu Government Office site, Fukuoka","@language":"en"},{"@value":"福冈县大宰府市都府楼遗址","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"후쿠오카현 다자이후시 다자이후정청터 출토","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"員数","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"数量","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"수량","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"1箇","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"1只","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"1점","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"品質形状","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Media","@language":"en"},{"@value":"材质形状","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"재질/형태","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"土製","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Clay","@language":"en"},{"@value":"土制","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"흙","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"法量","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Dimensions","@language":"en"},{"@value":"尺寸","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"크기","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"高48.7","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Height 48.7 cm","@language":"en"},{"@value":"高48.7","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"높이 48.7","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"時代・世紀","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Period,Century","@language":"en"},{"@value":"年代・世纪","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"시대・세기","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"奈良時代　8世紀","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Nara period, 8th century","@language":"en"},{"@value":"奈良时代 8世纪","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"나라시대, 8세기","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"所蔵者","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Owner","@language":"en"},{"@value":"收藏家","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"소장자","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"九州国立博物館","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Kyushu National Museum","@language":"en"},{"@value":"九州国立博物馆","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"규슈국립박물관","@language":"ko"}]},{"label":[{"@value":"各館作品番号","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"Collection reference no.","@language":"en"},{"@value":"机构管理序号","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"기관관리번호","@language":"ko"}],"value":[{"@value":"YJ20","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"YJ20","@language":"en"},{"@value":"YJ20","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"YJ20","@language":"ko"}]}],"description":[{"@value":"　西海道九国二島を統括した大宰府の主要機関である、大宰府政庁に用いられた鬼瓦である。7世紀末～8世紀初頭に製作され、「鬼面文鬼瓦」としては国内最古級の資料である。秀でた額、太い眉、見開いた眼、力瘤のある眉間、大きな鼻、そして歯と牙をむき出しにして開かれた口と、邪悪を寄せ付けまいと強く睨みつける憤怒の形相を表現している。皮膚の収縮や筋肉の動き等が写実的で、また眼は正面を見据えるのではなく、屋根の上から睥睨するようにやや下方を向くように造作されている。\r\n　この様式の鬼瓦は「大宰府式鬼瓦」と呼ばれ、わが国の中心であった藤原京や平城京のやや平板な文様の鬼瓦とは様相を異にし、国内でもいち早く鬼面を採用したとされる。鬼の表現や全体の形状などから、朝鮮半島や中国から直接的に影響を受けたと考えられている。また近年は、鬼面についても獅噛文や饕餮文などの獣面の可能性や、同時代の仁王像の表情などとの近似性も指摘されており、そのルーツは未だ謎が多い。\r\n　同じ型で製作された鬼瓦は水城跡・大野城跡・怡土城跡などでも出土するが、本作品はその中でも特に良質に製作されており、一部を欠損するものの、造形美と迫力は追随を許さない優品である。\r\n\r\n【九州国立博物館（福岡県立アジア文化交流センター）所蔵】","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"This is an <i>onigawara</i>, a ridge-end tile with a demon’s face, from the Dazaifu government office, which oversaw the nine provinces and two islands of Kyushu (known collectively as the “Saikaidō,” or “western sea region” in ancient Japan). The tile was made sometime between the late seventh to the early eighth century, making it the oldest in a category of similar demon-faced ridge-end tiles. With thick eyebrows that adorn its large forehead, contorted into a deep frown, as well as bulging eyes, a large nose, and its mouth wide open, baring sharp fangs and teeth, the demon turns the full force of its fearsome, enraged gaze upon any approaching evil. The tensing of its skin and movement of its facial muscles were also captured realistically in relief. Its eyes were designed such they angled slightly downward, rather than straight ahead, so as to direct its gaze toward the ground from its position up on the roof.\r\n\r\nSuch high-relief tiles have come to be known as “Dazaifu-style <i>onigawara</i>” due to their vast stylistic differences from flatter demon-faced tiles found in other ancient capital cities in central Japan, including Fujiwara (present-day Kashihara, Nara) and Heijō (present-day Nara City, Nara). Dazaifu was also the earliest region to make and employ such tiles on its roofs. Analysis of the expression depicted on the tile has led researchers to believe this design may have been influenced by the Korean Peninsula or China. More recently, researchers have pointed to the possibility that the demon’s face may be related to depictions of beasts baring their teeth or biting on something, or the <i>taotie</i>, a creature from Chinese mythology. Others have suggested that it bears resemblance to the expressions found on statues of the Niō, two guardians flanking the entrance of many Buddhist temples, from the same era. As no conclusive point of origin has been identified thus far, the beginnings of demon-faced tiles are still shrouded in mystery.\r\n\r\nTiles of the same form have also been excavated from the ruins of the Mizuki fortress, the Ōnojō castle, as well as the Ito castle. Nevertheless, this particular tile is by far the most well-made of its kind, unrivaled in craftsmanship and power despite being an incomplete relic.","@language":"en"},{"@value":"　　这是统领西海道（九州）九国二岛的主要机关——大宰府官衙所用的兽面瓦。制作于7世纪末到8世纪初，是日本国内最古兽面纹兽面瓦。兽面纹造型为宽额，粗眉，瞪眼，蹙眉，眉间隆起，大鼻子，嘴里露出獠牙。怒目瞪视，愤怒的形为吓阻邪恶。写实的皮肤紧缩，筋肉感觉在搐动，眼睛沒有正视前方，而是从屋顶斜视下方。\r\n　　大宰府是日本国内最早采用兽面纹的官衙，这种样式的兽面瓦被称为“大宰府式兽面瓦”，跟藤原京（奈良县橿原市和明日香市）或平城京（奈良市）略显平板纹样的兽面瓦各具奇趣。从兽面的表情和整体形状来看，可能受到朝鲜半岛或中国的直接影响。近年来有说兽面纹源于狮咬纹或饕餮纹的兽面，也有说是类似于同时代的仁王表情，其根源目前仍是个谜。\r\n　　使用相同模具制作的兽面瓦还出土于水城遗址，大野城遗址，怡土城遗址等地。而本作品可谓是其中最为出色的，虽有部分缺损，但其造型美和魄力与其他作品不可同日而语。","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"　사이카이도(규슈와 인근 지역)의 9국 2섬을 총괄한 다자이후의 주요 기관인 다자이후 정청 건물에 사용된 ‘도깨비 얼굴무늬 기와’다. 7세기 말-8세기 초에 제작되었고, ‘도깨비 얼굴무늬 마루끝 장식기와’로는 일본에서 가장 오래된 부류에 해당한다. 두드러진 이마, 굵은 눈썹, 크게 뜬 눈, 찌푸린 미간, 큰 코 그리고 이와 송곳니를 드러내며 벌린 입과, 사악한 기운을 물리치려고 강하게 노려보는 분노의 형상을 표현하고 있다. 피부의 수축과 근육의 움직임 등이 사실적이며, 눈은 정면을 응시하는 것이 아니고 지붕 위에서 흘겨보듯이 약간 아래쪽을 향하게했다.   \r\n　이러한 양식의 마루끝 장식 기와는 ‘다자이후형 도깨비 얼굴무늬 기와’라 불리는데, 이 기와가 쓰인 시대 일본의 중심이었던 후지와라쿄 및 헤이조쿄의 다소 평평한 무늬를 가진 마루끝 장식 기와와는 양상을 달리한다. 이점으로 보아, 일본 국내에서도 다른 곳보다 빠른 시기에 도깨비 얼굴무늬를 채택한 것으로 보인다. 도깨비의 표현이나 전체적인 모양 등을 통해, 한반도와 중국으로부터 직접적인 영향을 받은 것으로 보인다. 또 최근에는 도깨비 얼굴에 대해서도, 사자이무늬(獅噛文) 또는 중국의 상상 속의 동물 도철 등의 짐승 얼굴일 가능성 그리고 제작된 시대의 인왕상의 표정 등과의 유사성도 지적되고 있으나 그 기원은 아직 수수께끼에 쌓여있다. 따라서 그 유래에 대해서는 앞으로도 연구 조사가 필요하다.\r\n　같은 틀로 제작된 기와가 미즈키성 터 , 오노성 터, 이토성 터 등에서도 출토되는데, 이 자료는 그중에서도 특히 잘 만들어져 있어, 일부 손상된 부분이 있으나 조형미와 박력 면에 있어서 따르는 작품이 없다.\r\n","@language":"ko"}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/img/content/101350001001/1/thumbnail.jpeg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":200,"width":150},"viewingHint":"individuals","viewingDirection":"","license":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/about","attribution":[{"@value":"独立行政法人国立文化財機構","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"National Institutes for Cultural Heritage","@language":"en"},{"@value":"国立文化财机构","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"국립문화재기구","@language":"ko"}],"logo":[{"@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/assets/img/logo.png"}],"rendering":{"@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/detail?langId=ja&webView=&content_base_id=101350&content_part_id=0&content_pict_id=0","label":[{"@value":"e国宝 - 鬼瓦","@language":"ja"},{"@value":"e-Museum - Ridge-end tile depicting a demon’s face in relief","@language":"en"},{"@value":"e国宝 - 兽面瓦","@language":"zh"},{"@value":"e국보 - 도깨비 얼굴무늬 기와","@language":"ko"}],"format":"text/html"},"sequences":[{"@type":"sc:Sequence","canvases":[{"@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/iiif/?IIIF=/101350001001.tif/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"1","height":10328,"width":7760,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/iiif/?IIIF=/101350001001.tif/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/iiif/?IIIF=/101350001001.tif","profile":["http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json",{"formats":["jpg"],"qualities":["native","color","gray"],"supports":["regionByPct","sizeByForcedWh","sizeByWh","sizeAboveFull","rotationBy90s","mirroring","gray"]}]},"height":10328,"width":7760},"on":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/iiif/?IIIF=/101350001001.tif#xywh=0,0,7760,10328"}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://emuseum.nich.go.jp/img/content/101350001001/1/thumbnail.jpeg","@type":"dctypes:Image"}}]}]}